Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy (FEVR)

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Anatomy of the eye (click on image to enlarge)

What is familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR)?

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a condition in which the retinal blood vessels have not developed completely at birth.  The retina is a thin layer of nerve tissue, which lines the inside of the eye like the film in a camera.  In the eye, light is focused onto the retina, which “takes the picture” and sends the image to the brain.  Blood vessels give nutrition to the retina.  In FEVR the underdeveloped blood vessels may cause no problems, but in other cases they may leak fluid into the retina, bleed into the eye, and/or cause scar tissue to form.  Scar tissue may cause retinal detachment.  These complications may lead to loss of vision. 

What causes familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR)?

This condition is inherited and many genes are known to cause FEVR.  They generally involve the genes direct blood vessel development and maintenance.  Because of the many genes involved, FEVR may or may not be detected in other family members.  There are no known things you can do to make it better or worse.  There are no known nutritional supplements known to help.

What symptoms does familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) cause?

The symptoms depend on the severity of the condition and this may vary from patient to patient even within the same family.  Any number of symptoms may be caused by FEVR.  In severe cases, young children may be affected with loss of vision.  Milder cases often present in adulthood with floaters and may be totally without symptoms at all.  

How is familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) diagnosed?

FEVR is diagnosed on a routine eye examination; however, it may take an experienced examiner to make the diagnosis.  A dilated eye exam or wide-angle retinal photographs are often used to diagnose FEVR.  Findings may include abnormal blood vessels in the retina, abnormal leakage (exudates or subretinal fluid), bleeding, scarring, and/or retinal detachment. 

Genetic testing is available to confirm the diagnosis.  However, the diagnosis is usually based on clinical findings on examination.  Furthermore, testing may be expensive and does not alter the treatment plan.  Finally, half of patients with FEVR do not test positive for the know gene variants.  There are some genes that cause FEVR that are yet to be discovered.   

How is familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) treated?

The type of treatment needed depends on the severity of FEVR in a given patient.  In mild cases no treatment is needed, but follow up exams are important to detect progression.  In more severe cases in which blood vessels are leaking, laser or cryopexy is often used to seal down the abnormal blood vessels.  In advanced cases, vitrectomy surgery is required to save vision. 

Why is it important to know about familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR)?

Although not a common condition, FEVR is likely under-recognized.  It is important because FEVR can cause a loss of vision, which may be preventable if detected early.  Recognizing and reporting important symptoms may be critical to save vision.  Report new floating spots or fibers to your doctor promptly. An examination may disclose bleeding, which may be treated with laser.  The appearance of a dark curtain or shadow from the side-vision like an eclipse of the moon is an even more serious symptom that may indicate retinal detachment and require major eye surgery to repair.  Routine eye exams may also detect problems before symptoms arise.  Finally, family members may choose to be examined to make sure they have no evidence of FEVR.  

By Scott E. Pautler, MD

Copyright  ©2026 Designs Unlimited of Florida.  All Rights Reserved.

Red Light Therapy for Macular Degeneration

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Will I lose vision from AMD?
anatomy of the eye (click on image to enlarge)

What is Red Light Therapy for AMD?

Red light therapy for dry-type age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a new treatment authorized by the FDA in 2024 for the treatment of dry-type age related macular degeneration (AMD). It is delivered by the Valeda Light Delivery System to the eye. In the medical literature it is called photobiomodulation.

How does red light therapy work?

Red light therapy appears to work by increasing the energy available for retinal cells to function better. Specifically, the light (photons) is absorbed by cytochrome C in the mitochondria (the powerhouse) of the retinal cells. This increases the amount of ATP (energy) available for the retina to do its work.

Who is a good candidate for red light therapy?

The studies included eyes with early and intermediate dry age-related macular degeneration. These are eyes with drusen deposits under the retina without profound loss of vision. Drusen deposits are hallmark of macular degeneration; they are the earliest findings to make the diagnosis of AMD.

Who is a poor candidate for red light therapy?

Eyes with advanced loss of vision from AMD are poor candidates for red light therapy. There is no evidence that red light therapy helps this group of eyes. Also, red light therapy does not help eyes with wet AMD. These are eyes that have abnormal leaking blood vessels from AMD.

How well does red light therapy work?

Red light therapy is not a cure for dry AMD, but it does appear to offer limited improvement in vision and may reduce the risk of losing vision from dry AMD. In a small study of 80 patients, red-light treated eyes were able to see almost one line better on the eye chart compared with sham treated eyes after two years of treatment. Furthermore, eyes treated with red light therapy showed a decrease in drusen and a lower incidence of geographic atrophy (advanced AMD) compared with sham treated eyes treated for two years. These are important markers that are associated with loss of vision.

What are the adverse effects of red light therapy?

Overall, the safety of red light therapy appears good for eyes with early to intermediate dry AMD based on limited data. However, it does appear that patients with any form of wet AMD in one eye may be at higher risk of developing wet AMD in the fellow eye if it is treated with red light therapy.

Should I undergo red light therapy for dry AMD?

If you have dry age-related macular degeneration, you may be helped by red light therapy to reduce the risk of loss of central vision over time. Keep in mind that we have limited evidence on safety and efficacy at this time. We have no data beyond two years regarding the need for continued treatment, as well as the safety and effectiveness of treatment. Your doctor will help you make the important decision as to whether to start red light therapy.

By Scott E. Pautler, MD

Copyright 2026 Designs Unlimited of Florida. All Rights Reserved.

Retina Implant Restores Vision in AMD

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Can a retinal implant restore vision in dry age-related macular degeneration?

In a preliminary study, the PRIMA implant was reported to restore some useful vision to patients with advanced dry age-related macular degeneration.  It is estimated that 80% of patients with the PRIMA implant have meaningful improvement in vision at 12 months from surgery.  Meaningful improvement was defined as at least two lines of improvement on a standard eye chart (Snellen chart).  On average in this study, if a patient started with 20/320 vision, his vision with PRIMA would be about 20/100.  Thus, the improvement in vision, although significant, does not mean a return to normal vision.  Furthermore, about 13% of patients experienced no improvement with PRIMA.

How does PRIMA work?

PRIMA stands for Photovoltaic Retina Implant Microarray System.  It includes an implant that is placed under the macula (the center of the retina) in an operation.  The system is composed of glasses with a camera that converts visual images into a signal that is sent into the eye as infrared light.  The retina implant converts the infrared light into electrical signals that can be transmitted by the retina to the brain to provide vision.

What are the risks of the retina implant?

In the landmark study, 19 (50%) of 38 patients experienced at least one serious adverse event.  This included elevated eye pressure, retinal breaks, retinal detachment, bleeding, and new wet macular degeneration.  Although these complications were managed, some patients required additional surgery.        

Is the PRIMA implant available at this time?

No.  The PRIMA implant is not currently FDA approved.  Further testing is needed to prove effectiveness and safety.  The only FDA-approved treatments for advanced dry AMD include Syfovre and Izervay.  Low vision aids remain a staple in the management of vision loss.    

By Scott E Pautler, MD

Copyright  © 2025 Designs Unlimited of Florida.  All Rights Reserved.

The Risk of Infection after Eye Injections

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What is infection after an eye injection?

Infection results from the introduction of bacteria into the eye after a needle penetrates the eye wall. It is called endophthalmitis. It is a very serious complication that requires urgent evaluation and management, as it threatens loss of vision and blindness. Eye injections are given for many reasons including wet macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and uveitis.

What are the chances of getting an infection after injection?

A common response to this question is one in several thousand. This is the risk of infection after a single injection. However, in many diseases, injections are given repeatedly over time. This is an important issue because the risk of infection in a given patient over the course of multiple injections increases to as high as one in 200. This is a much higher risk than is usually quoted.

What factors affect the risk of infection?

There are many factors that affect the risk of infection. Patient-dependent risk factors include diminished immune response. This may be due advanced age, diabetes, AIDS, or medications. Other patient-dependent factors include poor eyelid hygiene and the tendency to rub the eye after injection, potentially introducing bacteria to the eye. Wearing make-up may increase the risk of endophthalmitis, because bacteria may reside in make-up. .

What precautions can the doctor take to reduce the risk of infection?

There may things a doctor does to reduce the risk of injection. Standard practice is to use Betadine or Chlorhexidine to reduce the amount of bacteria on and around the eye at the time of injection. Additional steps that may be taken include the use of an eyelid speculum to hold the eyelids open, especially if the patient cannot hold their lids still for the injection. The need for a speculum may be reduced by the use of a shielded needle, which isolates the edge of the lid from the needle in order to reduce bacterial contamination. Additional steps that may be considered optional include the use of sterile gloves, masking the face (patient and/or physician; in order to reduce contamination from the breath), and preparation of the eyelids with a Betadine swab. The use of antibiotic eye drops is controversial. Although intuitively, antibiotics might appear to be helpful, some feel they are unnecessary, and others feel they may increase the risk of infection.

Finally, the type of medication may affect the risk of infection. For example, there is a higher risk of endophthalmitis after injection of steroids compared to antiVEGF medications.

What can a patient do?

A patient can be a partner to reduce the risk of infection. Keeping healthy (diet, exercise, and adherence to medication schedules) will help maintain a strong immune system to help prevent infection. Eyelid hygiene helps to reduce the amount of bacteria that live on the eyelids. Avoiding the use of make-up may reduce bacterial contamination. Finally, it is important to avoid touching or rubbing the eyes after injection, as this may introduce bacteria to the eye.

If you do experience pain and/or loss of vision, especially after the first day of injection, it is important to notify your doctor. Early detection of infection is critical to avoiding permanent loss of vision.

By Scott E. Pautler, MD

Copyright  © 2025 Designs Unlimited of Florida. All Rights Reserved.

Encelto for MacTel

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What is macular telangiectasia (MacTel)?

Macular telangiectasia is a disorder of the tiny blood vessels located in the center of the retina. The retina in your eye is like the film inside a camera. The retina “takes the picture” of objects you look at and sends the message to the brain. The macula is the central portion of the retina that is responsible for sharp reading vision. In MacTel the macula undergoes slow degeneration, and tiny foveal blood vessels become irregular and dilated for unknown reasons. They rarely leak blood or clear fluid in the macula.  

What is Encelto?

Encelto is a treatment for MacTel approved by the FDA in 2025.  It consists of cells programed to produce ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) encapsulated in a semipermeable cylinder that is sutured inside the eye at surgery.  CNFT is a cytokine (cell signaling chemical) that is produced by cells in the eye to protect retinal cells.  

How does Encelto help treat MacTel?

By producing CNTF, Encelto slows the rate of deterioration in MacTel.  Without treatment, there is a slow loss of central vision with blind spots and distortion from MacTel.  Although Encelto does not improve the vision, it does appear to slow further loss of vision over time. 

What are the risks of Encelto treatment?

Common side effects of Encelto are usually mild and self-limited.  They include eye discomfort/pain, inflammation, redness, tearing, and blurred vision after surgery to implant the device.  Sometimes, the pupil of the eye remains smaller than normal.  This may create cosmetic concerns and sometimes causes delayed dark adaptation (23%) in the treated eye.  Serious risks of Encelto treatment are not common (5%), but important to understand and accept.  They include suture exposure (a suture is used to attach the Encelto implant inside the eye, attached to the eye wall), bleeding inside the eye, infection inside the eye, cataract, and retinal detachment.  Sometimes, additional surgery is needed.  Finally, there is no information of the use of Encelto in pregnant or breast-feeding women.         

What other treatment is available?

There is no cure, but treatment may improve vision or keep the vision from worsening in certain instances. No specific treatment may be recommended if the symptoms are mild. There is limited experience with L-serine supplements.  Medicine injections help selected patients with macular neovascularization.  Treatment usually does not return the vision to normal.  

Your doctor is going to order appropriate tests and recommend the best course of action to take at this time. Physical activity and use of your eyes will not worsen macular telangiectasia. Magnification may help with reading. The doctors at RVAF are experts in the diagnosis and treatment of MacTel.  If you have any questions, please feel free to ask.

By Scott E. Pautler, MD

Copyright  © 2025 Designs Unlimited of Florida. All Rights Reserved.

Low Vision TV Glasses

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Although low vision aids are available in a number of formats, both optical and electronic, there is a need for magnifiers to help with seeing the TV. Now there are glasses that free the hands and the focus is adjustable.

They may be of use to anyone with limited vision and no prescription is required. It is important to avoid excessive movement of the head to avoid rapid movement of the visual field, which can cause nausea similar to motion sickness. For this reason, the magnifying glasses may not be appropriate for a patient with a head tremor. They are best used while sitting quietly. These glasses fit most adults head sizes with pupillary distances ranging from 60-68mm. If your eyes are closely spaced or far apart, you may wish to have your pupillary distance measured at a local optical shot by an optician just to make sure the glasses will fit your face. Many of my patients report improvement in the ability to view their TV programs with these high-quality magnifiers. For current pricing, please click this link.

By Scott E. Pautler, MD

Note:  As an Amazon Associate we may earn a small commission from qualifying purchases.  You pay no additional fees by accessing the links provided.  These funds help defray the costs of maintaining this website.  Thank you for your support.

Castle Conolly Top Doctor 2025

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I am grateful to my peers for recommending me for inclusion in the prestigious Castle Connolly Top Doctor Listing for 2025, my tenth year on the list. I am propelled by all of my medical associates at Retina Vitreous Associates of Florida who were also included in this listing. There are many great doctors who were not listed this year and I hope to see them in the listing next year. Many thanks go to my patients who keep me on my toes and inspire me to better understand their problems and find innovative ways to help.

Scott E. Pautler, MD

Tampa, FL

Diet and Eye Health

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Will I lose vision from AMD?
anatomy of the eye (click on image to enlarge)

Does diet make a difference in eye health?

The simple answer is yes.  While more research is needed, there is abundant evidence in the medical literature showing the effects of diet on general health of the body, as well as the health of the eyes.  Specifically, a healthful diet appears to improve the outcome of patients with macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, cataract, and dry eye disease. 

What diet is recommended to improve eye health?

Diets mainly composed of vegetables, legumes, fruits, and nuts are recommended.  Among vegetables, include leafy greens.  In general, select fruits and vegetables with different colors for a variety of carotenoids (antioxidants).  Lean poultry and fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids are preferred over red meat.  For cooking, olive oil is preferred over other oils.  Consider, one serving of alcohol (preferably, red wine) per day…avoid over indulgence.  Hydration is important.  Drink plenty of water throughout the day (3-4 quarts, depending on your size).  

In general, avoid manufactured/processed foods.  These are foods that have been altered from their original form in preparation for consumption.  Examples of processed or ultra-processed foods include sweetened breakfast cereals, soda, flavored potato chips, flavored candy.  The longer the ingredient list, the greater the processing (and, generally, the less healthful).     

What other lifestyle changes offer protection against eye disease?

Over the years, mounting evidence shows that lifestyle changes are helpful to limit the risk of vision loss from age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataract.  For example, tobacco and nicotine exposure appear to worsen macular degeneration.  On the other hand, exercise appears to lessen the risk of vision loss from AMD.  Try to walk 20 minutes a day for starters.  Later, try to add some light weight-bearing exercises with dumbbells.  Finally, there is marginal evidence to recommend protecting your eyes from excess sunlight.  Wear a hat and sunglasses if outdoors for several hours.  Sleep is important to health.  Aim for 8 hours of sleep per night.  

By Scott E. Pautler, MD

Copyright  © 2024 Designs Unlimited of Florida.  All Rights Reserved.

Eylea HD Every 4 Weeks

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What is Eylea HD?

Eylea HD (High Dose) is an FDA-approved medication for the treatment of wet AMD and diabetic retinopathy.  It is a more concentrated form of Eylea, a medication that has been approved for use and effectively used for many years.  Regular Eylea contains 2mg of medication per injection, whereas Eylea HD has 8mg of medication per injection.  The higher dose allows for prolonged treatment effect for many patients.  Currently, Eylea HD may be used no less than every 8 weeks after a loading dose.  This has caused problems for patients who are helped by Eylea HD, but cannot sustain a treatment schedule of 8 weeks because the drug effect wears off too soon.  

What is being done to expand the treatment schedule of Eylea HD?

A new drug trial has begun in order to gain FDA approval for the use of Eylea HD every 4 weeks.  The study will accept patients who are already being treated for diabetic macular edema or wet macular degeneration.  Prior to entering the study, patients must have had at least 3 medication injections within the past 5 months.  Eylea HD injections in the study begin as early as 4 weeks from the last pre-study injection and are continued monthly for 7 shots.  At that time, the eye is evaluated to extend the treatment to a longer time interval.  The study lasts about two years (96 weeks) and all costs of treatment are covered by the sponsor.     

How can I decide if the Eylea HD study is right for me?

Your doctor will help you to decide.  The diagnosis will be confirmed and the entry criteria will be checked.  If eligible, all details will be discussed prior to entry into the study.     

By Scott E. Pautler, MD

Copyright  © 2024 Designs Unlimited of Florida.  All Rights Reserved.

Migraine Waves in Vision

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aura from Migraine
Simulation of migraine aura

What are Waves in the vision?

Some people experience episodes of wave-like motion in their vision that last several minutes, typically 20-30 minutes, up to an hour.  Usually, the waves interfere with the vision in the form of missing vision off to the side, but often cutting off some of the central vision.  The visual symptoms are sometimes described as resembling “heat waves.”  After the symptoms disappear, the vision returns to normal.  This phenomenon frequently is part of migraine.  

What is migraine?

Migraine is a common cause of headache that affects at least 10% of the population. Migraine may also cause unusual visual symptoms that occur with or without a headache.  It is usually benign and resolves without after-effects.  However, migraine must be distinguished from more serious causes of headache and visual symptoms.

What causes migraine?

The cause of migraine is unknown, but heredity may play a role. Many people with migraines have family members who also have had migraine and often report a tendency of light-sensitivity and motion-sickness. Migraine may be caused by abnormal episodes of blood vessel constriction within the brain. A number of events may trigger a migraine: stress, hormonal changes (puberty, menopause, and hormone pills), bright lights, loud noises, a change in altitude, and certain foods (including caffeine, chocolate, alcohol, and red wine). Sometimes eye problems can worsen or bring on migraine. Such problems include improper eyeglasses, eye dryness, double vision, past eye injury or eye surgery. 

What are the symptoms of a migraine?

Migraine is associated with a great number of symptoms. Hours or days before a migraine episode occurs, subtle symptoms may be noticed. These symptoms include depression, fluid retention, and stomach disturbances. Visual symptoms can occur before a headache or be the sole symptom of a migraine. These visual symptoms occur without warning when the vision is impaired just off to the side of central vision. A jagged light (“like cracked glass”), which appears to shimmer or repeatedly flash, borders the area of impaired vision. The jagged light causes a missing area of vision and gradually works away from the center to the peripheral vision, taking on a C-shape over a period of 15 to 30 minutes. It sometimes is described as heat waves, bubbles, tunnel vision, or a kaleidoscope, and it may be silver and white or in color. Objects may appear too small or too big (This is called the Alice in Wonderland Syndrome). In middle-aged patients a brief loss of vision may occur in one eye resembling a stroke-like symptom. It usually involves both eyes but may appear more prominently in one eye. In younger patients, nausea and a throbbing headache often follow the light flashes. In older patients, the visual symptoms may occur without headaches. 

Migraine may also cause other symptoms that do not involve the eyes. Such symptoms include tingling of the face and hands, weakness, or trouble with speech. If this occurs, seek urgent evaluation in the emergency department with follow up by a neurologist.

The headache may be described as a deep, penetrating pain or a painful stretching sensation. The headache often begins on one side of the head, but it may spread over the entire head. It may be throbbing nor non-throbbing.

What treatment is available?

Making the correct diagnosis is the most important step. Light flashes may be caused by other problems such as retinal detachment. Therefore, the eye doctor is often called on to make this important distinction. If migraine symptoms occur infrequently, no treatment is needed.  Establishing regular sleep, meal, and exercise programs may help. Try to avoid known triggers. Riboflavin and magnesium supplements may benefit some patients. Prescription medication is available from a neurologist if headaches are severe or frequent.  

If there is any significant change in symptoms or if permanent loss of function occurs, please contact your doctor without delay. In rare instances, a stroke, aneurysm, or tumor may cause unusual light flashes and headache. Your doctor will decide whether further examination or testing is required.

By Scott E. Pautler, MD

Copyright  © 2024 Designs Unlimited of Florida.  All Rights Reserved.

Note: This blog is supported by its readers via small commissions that may be earned through hyperlinks.  The commissions do not increase the price you pay and do not affect the content of this article.  Thank you for your support.

The Best Artificial Tears to Buy

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The tear film covers the cornea for clear vision and comfort (click on image to enlarge)

What are artificial tears and why are they used?

Artificial tears are lubricants manufactured to simulate the normal tears that coat your eyes.  They come in many different preparations.  They are used by people who have dry eyes due to insufficient tear film from a variety of causes including lid problems, auto-immune disease (like Sjogren’s syndrome), and ageing. 

What are the main types of artificial tears?

Depending on the underlying cause of the dry eye, different types of artificial tears are recommended.  For example, evaporative dry eye is a condition in which the natural oils are missing from the normal tears (usually due to blepharitis).  The lack of oil allows the tears to quickly evaporate from the surface of the eye, leaving it dry.  Therefore, some artificial tears include oils to prevent evaporation.  Examples of artificial tears with oils include Soothe XP, Systane Balance, Refresh Optive and Refresh Digital.

Another cause of dry eye is aqueous deficiency.  That is, the tear glands do not produce enough water to coat the eye. This may be caused by ageing or auto-immune disease.  In this case, hypotonic tears help.  They are labelled, “hypotonic” or “hypo-osmolar.”

Many people have a combination of problems that cause their dry eye, and a combination of artificial tears may help.  Examples of good basic artificial tears include Soothe, Blink, Refresh, and Systane.

Preservatives or no preservatives?

Artificial tears come both with and without preservatives.  Preservatives are used to keep the bottle free of contamination allowing for a prolonged expiration date.  Unfortunately, some people are sensitive to preservatives, especially if drops are required more than 4-times-a-day for comfort.  Therefore, preservative-free tears are made to improve comfort (at the price of a shorter expiration date).  Examples of tears with preservatives includes Systane and Blink Tears.  If there are no preservatives in a preparation of artificial tears, the box is usually labelled clearly.

Why do some artificial tears last longer than others?

Artificial tears come in varying degrees of viscosity or thickness.  The thicker the tears, the longer they last.  However, thicker preparations may blur the vision for several minutes.  The thickest preparations include gels (e.g.  Genteal Gel) and ointments (e.g. Lacrilube Ointment and Sooth Nighttime).  They may be best used at night before sleeping as they coat the eye overnight, making the eyes feel better upon awakening. 

What more can be done for dry eyes?

If artificial tears do not give relief from dry eye symptoms, there are a variety of options.  In patients with evaporative dry eye, flaxseed oil or fish oil supplements by mouth may improve the tear film after a month or so.  Similarly, warm compresses may improve the teat film.  Punctal plugs may be used to block the outflow of tears from the eye.  And prescription eye drops (Restasis and Xiidra) may be helpful to treat aqueous deficiency.  If blepharitis contributes to the dry eye, tea tree oil preparations may also help.   

By Scott E. Pautler, MD 

Copyright  © 2024 Designs Unlimited of Florida.  All Rights Reserved.

Note:  As an Amazon Associate I may earn a small commission from qualifying purchases.  You pay no additional fees by accessing the links provided.  These funds help defray the costs of maintaining this website.  Thank you for your support.

Ozempic and Eye Problems

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Ozempic and retina problems

anatomy of the eye

What is the issue of Ozempic and eye problems?

Many people are prescribed Ozempic (and related medications) for type 2 diabetes mellitus and weight loss. There are reports of increased risk of diabetes-related retina complications after starting Ozempic. Complications include loss of vision (usually, not permanent when treated), vitreous hemorrhage, macular edema, and the need for laser treatment or injection treatment for diabetic retinopathy. There is also an association of Ozempic and ischemic optic neuropathy.

How does Ozempic cause eye problems?

It appears that Ozempic does not directly cause damage to the eyes. Rather, Ozempic may cause rapid lowering of blood sugar (especially, when used with other medications for diabetes). It is well-known that any treatment that rapidly lowers blood sugar may initially cause a worsening of diabetic retinopathy. It is as though the retina becomes adjusted to higher-than-normal blood sugars in diabetes. And then, when blood sugars drop, the retina becomes “starved.” The effect wears off as the retina becomes used to the lower blood sugar levels. Furthermore, in the long-run, the retina will be healthier with improved blood sugar control.

Who is at risk for retina problems and loss of vision with Ozempic?

Risk factors for retina problems from Ozempic include: prior damage from high blood sugar (diabetic retinopathy), rapid lowering of blood sugar, and continued use of other diabetes medications. Eyes with crowded optic discs (from small scleral opening or optic disc drusen) from birth are at increased risk of optic nerve damage.

What can I do to prevent loss of vision with Ozempic?

If you have diabetes, see an ophthalmologist (or better yet, a retina specialist) for an eye exam before starting Ozempic. If you already have vision-threatening changes, early treatment will prevent worsening with Ozempic. In addition, routine monitoring of the retina during treatment with Ozempic may prevent permanent loss of vision from diabetic retinopathy. In addition, the optic nerve may be evaluated to determine if it is at risk of ischemic optic neuropathy.

By: Scott E. Pautler MD

Copyright  © 2024 Designs Unlimited of Florida.  All Rights Reserved.

Which is better: Syfovre or Izervay?

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Which is better: Syfovre or Izervay?

What are Syfovre and Izervay?
Syfovre and Izervay are medications used to treat geographic atrophy (GA) caused by dry-type age related macular degeneration (AMD).  It is given by injection into the eye.

What is geographic atrophy (GA)?

Geographic atrophy is a common cause of loss of central vision in AMD.  It occurs when retinal receptor cells die.  GA leaves blinds spots and missing areas in the vision.  It is different from wet AMD.  Until now, there was no treatment for geographic atrophy from AMD.    

How do Syfovre and Izervay work?

Syfovre and Izervay block the complement proteins in the body.  Complement is involved in the normal inflammatory response of the body.  The inflammatory response is important to fight infection.  However, in AMD the complement proteins appear to be involved in the development on geographic atrophy and loss of vision.  

How well do Syfovre and Izervay work?

Syfovre and Izervay are not cures for dry AMD.  They do not reverse the past damage by geographic atrophy.  Syfovre and Izervay, when given by monthly injection, was shown to reduce the rate of worsening of geographic atrophy by a small amount in a two-year study.  

What are the adverse effects of Syfovre and Izervay?

As with all intraocular injections there are risks.  The risks involved with the introduction of a needle into the eye include bleeding, inflammation, infection, and retinal detachment.  These problems may require surgery and risk loss of vision.  The known risks of Syfovre and Izervay include the new start of wet AMD threatening loss of vision.  This appears to occur in 10-20% of eyes.  This risk of new wet AMD may be reduced by avoiding treatment in high-risk eyes.  It is important to avert the development of new wet AMD because the treatment of wet AMD involves routine, long-term injection of another medication to prevent severe loss of vision. 

There is a risk of infection (endophthalmitis) after any eye injection.  There is some concern that Syfovre and Izervay may increase the risk of developing infection or worsen the final vision after infection.  The suppression of the natural defense against infection by both of these drugs, explains the concern over increased risk of infection. Not surprisingly, similar drugs given systemically have been shown to increase the risk of infection outside the eye.   

 Which is better: Syfovre or Izervay?

There have been no studies to date directly comparing Syfovre and Izervay.  However, Syfovre has rarely been associated with loss of vision from ischemic optic neuropathy (1-2%) and ischemic retinal vasculitis (~1 in 10,000).  To date it is not known if Izervay also shares this adverse effect.  Regardless, some doctors prefer Izervay because the injection may be given with a finer needle (i.e. it is less viscous), making the injection more comfortable compared with Syfovre.

The decision to use Syfovre or Izervay with the intent to slow the progression of dry AMD (geographic atrophy) must be weighed against the potential adverse effects in any given patient.  Your doctor will help you decide. Also, remember that adhering to a Mediterranean diet is also associated with slower enlargement of geographic atrophy in AMD.

By Scott E Pautler, MD

Copyright 2023-2024 Designs Unlimited of Florida. All Rights Reserved.

Lucentis Biosimilars: Byooviz and Cimerli

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Lucentis Biosimilars

What is a Lucentis biosimilar?

Lucentis is a medication used in the treatment of a variety of conditions including wet-type macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusion.  Lucentis biosimilars are less-expensive medications manufactured to work in a fashion similar to Lucentis. It is important to remember that Lucentis biosimilars are not identical medications to Lucentis. In the US, Lucentis biosimilars include Byooviz and Cimerli.  

How effective are Lucentis biosimilars?      

Lucentis was proven in extensive studies to be very effective. In wet-type macular degeneration, a large study showed that monthly injections of Lucentis over a two-year period offered a 90% chance of stable or improved vision. Similar benefits are seen in other retinal conditions as well. The biosimilars were approved for use by the FDA as they appear to be non-inferior.  Further research will reveal more details.  

What are the risks of Lucentis biosimilars? 

Severe complications are very rare, but risks of Lucentis injection include bleeding, infection, inflammation, retinal detachment, glaucoma, cataract, and loss of vision. There may be a small increased risk (1%) of stroke or heart attack with Lucentis. The risk of stroke may be related to concurrent illness and the older age of patients in which these medications are used. Pregnancy should be avoided while on Lucentis therapy.  All of these risks apply to biosimilars, as well.  Furthermore, the question of whether biosimilars pose additional (or less) risk will be determined over time.                    

Why change from Lucentis to a biosimilar medication?

Usually an insurance company prompts the need to change from Lucentis to a biosimilar medication to lower their costs.  This may be a disadvantage to signing up for a Medicare Advantage insurance plan.  When a doctor must change from Lucentis to a biosimilar, he may need to take precautions in order to reduce the risk of problems.  For example, he may initially inject Byooviz or Cimerli at 4-week intervals before attempting to extend the treatment interval in order to assure effectiveness.  He may monitor the patient more closely to identify inflammation or high eye pressure.  After injection, patients should report any new symptoms without delay.   

Are doctors given financial incentives to prescribe Cimerli and Byooviz?

Manufacturers of new medications often provide incentives in the form of rebates to doctors. To determine if your doctor receives large payments from drug companies, visit the CMS website and enter your doctor’s name in the search box. I take great pride in advocating for my patients in the selection of medications, rather than pander to the drug companies.

By Scott E Pautler, MD

Copyright ©2023 Designs Unlimited of Florida.  All Rights Reserved.

Eye Injections: Finer Needle = Less Discomfort

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Eye Injections: Finer Needle = Less Discomfort

What is the finest needle available to date for intravitreal injection?

Ocuject, LLC engineered the VitreJect needle for intravitreal injections.  Several features make this a popular needle among ophthalmologists and patients.  First, it is supplied in various small-caliber needle sizes.  For most injections, the 33G needle is preferred by patients for improved comfort over standard 30G needles.  The smaller 33G caliber reduces the rate of vitreous prolapse from the injection site following injection.  Hopefully, this may reduce the risk of endophthalmitis.  However, the larger caliber 30G VitreJect needle is preferred for more viscous medications such as pegcetacoplan (Syfovre). 

What about persistent floaters after eye injections?

Ocuject reports 70% less silicone content in their 33G needles compared with standard 30G needles.  This feature may reduce the incidence of persistent symptomatic floaters in the vision following injections. 

Can we eliminate the eyelid speculum? 

The VitreJect needle features a sliding shield that protects the needle from contact with the lids and lashes during the injection.  This feature obviates the need for an eyelid speculum, with which many patients report discomfort.  The sliding shield is secured in place by a twist-lock in order to avoid unintentional retraction of the shield and exposure of the needle.

Can we eliminate the extra caliper?

The VitreJect needle has an integrated caliper in the form of three nubs or studs that project from the end of the sliding shield that rests against the conjunctiva during injection (see image below).  When the edge of one nub is placed at the limbus, the needle will insert 4mm from the limbus.  When the edge of two contiguous nubs are placed at the limbus, the needle will inset 3.5mm from the limbus.  A choice of three nubs are located on the shield for convenience of positioning. 

What are the potential pitfalls?

If a technician opens the plastic wrapper part-way to place the needle on a syringe in preparation for injection, the twist-lock may be unintentionally unlocked.  The sliding sleeve may then be accidentally retracted causing the needle to be exposed.  The needle may be bent or contaminated in this situation.  Technician training avoids this issue.  Or, alternatively, I usually have the needle opened onto a sterile field in the exam room.  I place the needle on the syringe myself.  

Note: During actual injections, I wear sterile gloves.

By Scott E. Pautler, MD

Copyright  © 2023 Designs Unlimited of Florida.  All Rights Reserved.

What is the Difference Between Dry and Wet AMD?

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Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Dry or Wet?

What is the difference between dry and wet age-related macular degeneration?

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of visual loss in older Americans.  Doctors often talk about dry and wet types of AMD.  But what is the difference?  Simply put, dry AMD means there are no abnormal, leaky blood vessels.  Whereas, in wet AMD there are abnormal blood vessels that grow and leak under the macula.  However, this system of naming wet and dry AMD can be confusing.  Therefore, newer names for the stages of AMD have been proposed.

Why is it important to distinguish between wet and dry AMD?

Dry and wet AMD cause different symptoms and are treated differently.  Early and intermediate stages of AMD are often called dry AMD.  These stages usually cause few symptoms, which include the need for good lighting.  The treatment involves AREDS2 vitamins and a Mediterranean diet.  Advanced stages of AMD are called geographic atrophy (advanced dry AMD) and neovascular AMD (wet AMD).  Both types of advanced AMD are usually associated with decline in central vision, frequently affecting the ability to read, see the computer, and drive a car.  Geographic atrophy (advanced dry AMD) progresses slowly with blind spots that interfere with the ability to see.  Neovascular AMD (wet AMD) may advance more rapidly with distortion, blurred areas of vision, and blind spots.  It is possible to have both forms of advanced AMD…geographic atrophy (advanced dry AMD) and neovascular AMD (wet AMD).

What is the treatment of advanced AMD?

The treatment of the two forms of advanced AMD is different.  Furthermore, the treatment of one type of advanced AMD may aggravate the other form of AMD.  However, both forms of advanced AMD benefit from the use of magnifiers and other low vision aids.

What is the treatment of geographic atrophy (advanced dry AMD)?

The Meditteranean diet is protective against advanced AMD and appears to slow the enlargement of geographic atrophy. Additionally, Geographic atrophy (GA) is currently treated with medications that inhibit the complement systems of proteins in the body that normally cause inflammation to fight infection.  The two FDA-approved medications are Syfovre and Izervay.  They are both given as an injection into the eye.  They do not reverse the damage from GA and do not prevent GA from getting worse.  They do slow down the rate of worsening of GA.  There is no good evidence to show that one medication is better than the other.  Long-term injections are needed over the years.  And, unfortunately, both medications may cause wet AMD (neovascular AMD) to start.

What is the treatment of wet AMD (neovascular AMD)?

Wet AMD is treated with injections to stop the leaking blood vessels under the macula.  These medications (Avastin, Lucentis, Eylea, Beovu, and Vabysmo) prevent further worsening of vision from wet AMD in about 90% of cases over several years.  In about 40% of cases, the vision may improve.  Long-term injections are usually needed over the years.  There is limited evidence to suggest benefits of some medications over others.  There is also some concern that the treatment of wet AMD may aggravate geographic atrophy (advanced dry AMD).  

What do you do when an eye has both forms of advanced AMD?       

The presence of both neovascular AMD (wet AMD) and geographic atrophy (advanced dry AMD) poses a serious problem.  Both forms of advanced AMD may result in legal blindness (the loss of central vision).  However, advanced AMD almost never results in complete blindness.  Treatment is usually aimed at the greatest threat to vision.  Specific treatment plans are made on a case by case basis.  In some situations, injections are given on an alternating schedule for GA and neovascular AMD.  In end-stage situations in which the chance of further loss of vision is low, all injections may be stopped.  Low vision aids and assistance (family and social services) often results in high-level functioning and independence. 

By Scott E. Pautler, MD  

Copyright  © 2023 Designs Unlimited of Florida.  All Rights Reserved.

The Carotid Stump Syndrome and the Eye

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Carotid Stump Syndrome
Small blood clots formed at the thrombus in the “stump” of internal carotid artery pass to the brain and eye along the path outlined by the white arrows. Image modified from Baker et al. Cureus 2022 Mar; 14(3): e22746

What is the carotid stump syndrome?

The internal carotid artery is the main artery in the neck that brings blood from the heart to the eye.  Due to hardening of the arteries, the carotid artery may become blocked.  Risk factors include high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, and tobacco use.  If the carotid artery becomes completely blocked, there is a dead-end or stump beyond which the blood cannot flow.  Due to lack of blood flow from this blockage, tiny blood clots may form in the carotid artery.  Then, they may find their way to the eye through bypass channels that develop in response to the blocked carotid artery.

What eye symptoms result from the carotid stump syndrome?

When tiny blood clots enter the eye from the carotid artery, they may cause blind spots in the vision. Sometimes, the blind spots are small and may not be noticed by the patient.  At other times, the blind spot may appear like a reddish or black bar or arc in the vision.  In severe cases, the entire vision may black out…either temporarily or permanently. 

How can the eye doctor help?

The symptoms from the carotid stump syndrome may also be caused by many other disorders.  The role of the eye doctor is to determine the cause of the symptoms and determine if they are due to the carotid stump syndrome.  Eye examination and testing is necessary.  There is often no specific treatment needed for the eye condition.  The symptoms frequently improve with time if the underlying condition is treated.    

How is the carotid stump syndrome treated?

Medicines and surgery are used to treat the carotid stump syndrome.  Anti-platelet medications are the mainstay of treatment.  They work by limiting the tendency of the blood to clot.  Surgery may open the blocked carotid artery. 

By Scott E. Pautler, MD

Copyright  © 2023 Designs Unlimited of Florida.  All Rights Reserved.

Lens Anterior Capsular Deposits

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I reviewed 271 abstracts that were cited from the PubMed search terms “lens and capsule and deposit.”  I have included some references from my search, as well as hyperlinks for convenience. 

The preponderance of cases involved pseudoexfoliation (PEX).  Uncommon manifestations of common problems must be considered1. It may be helpful to check the pupillary ruff for atrophy and gonio the angle looking for pigment deposition as seen in pre-clinical PEX.2

There are many rare causes of lens capsular deposits reported.  I have listed some below along with suggested investigation:

-foreign substances (silicone oil3): did this patient have a silicone IOL? Consider reviewing the operative report for the IOL to see if they used anything unusual like triamcinolone.

-infectious agents4: remain on the look-out for inflammation into the future.

-Fabry disease5: rare but important to consider…any sign of retinal vascular tortuosity or cornea verticillata?

-familial amyloidosis6: amyloid deposits on anterior capsule are more prevalent than vitreous amyloid…but were there any vitreous opacities or retinal vascular changes?

-rock inhibitor7: (more out on a limb in terms of possibility).  They affect the lens epithelial cells.

-Healon8: Any crystalline deposits on IOL surface?

By Scott E Pautler, MD

References:

1. Sorkou KN, Manthou ME, Meditskou S, Ziakas N, Tsinopoulos IT. Exfoliation Fibrils within the Basement Membrane of Anterior Lens Capsule: A Transmission Electron Microscopy Study. Curr Eye Res. 2019;44(8):882-886. doi:10.1080/02713683.2019.1608262

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30986086/

2. Suwan Y, Kulnirandorn T, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, et al. Light and electron microscopic features of preclinical pseudoexfoliation syndrome. PLoS One. 2023;18(3):e0282784. Published 2023 Mar 9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282784

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36893133/

3. Liu W, Huang D, Guo R, Ji J. Pathological Changes of the Anterior Lens Capsule. J Ophthalmol. 2021;2021:9951032. Published 2021 May 4. doi:10.1155/2021/9951032

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34055399/

4. Tandon A, Tay-Kearney ML, Metcalf C, McAllister L. Bacillus circulans endophthalmitis. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2001;29(2):92-93.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11341454/

5. Rothstein K, Gálvez JM, Gutiérrez ÁM, Rico L, Criollo E, De-la-Torre A. Ocular findings in Fabry disease in Colombian patients. Manifestaciones oculares de la enfermedad de Fabry en pacientes colombianos. Biomedica. 2019;39(3):434-439. Published 2019 Sep 1. doi:10.7705/biomedica.3841

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31584758/

6. Beirão JM, Malheiro J, Lemos C, Beirão I, Costa P, Torres P. Ophthalmological manifestations in hereditary transthyretin (ATTR V30M) carriers: a review of 513 cases. Amyloid. 2015;22(2):117-122. doi:10.3109/13506129.2015.1015678

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26096568/

7. Imaizumi T, Kurosaka D, Tanaka U, Sakai D, Fukuda K, Sanbe A. Topical administration of a ROCK inhibitor prevents anterior subcapsular cataract induced by UV-B irradiation. Exp Eye Res. 2019;181:145-149. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2019.01.016

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30690025/

8. Jensen MK, Crandall AS, Mamalis N, Olson RJ. Crystallization on intraocular lens surfaces associated with the use of Healon GV. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112(8):1037-1042. doi:10.1001/archopht.1994.01090200043019

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8053816/

Save on AREDS Eye Vitamins

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Save on AREDS Eye Vitamins

What is age-related macular degeneration?

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of visual loss in older Americans.  It comes on with age and affects the central vision.  However, AREDS-2 vitamins lower the risk of vision loss.

What are AREDS-2 vitamins?

The AREDS-2 formula consists of carefully dosed vitamins, minerals and antioxidants aimed at protecting a patient against loss of vision from AMD.  It consists of vitamin C, vitamin E, Zinc, Copper, lutein, and zeaxanthin.  

Are there other vitamins in the market for AMD?

There are many vitamins and nutritional supplements marketed for AMD.  However, the AREDS-2 formula has undergone the most testing to date.  It offers the most assurance for protection against loss of vision.  Other supplements have been studied much less extensively and the safety is less certain.  For example, beta-carotene was used in AMD vitamins in the past, but it increases the risk of lung cancer in current and former smokers.  

What are the popular brands of AREDS-2 vitamins?

There are many brands of vitamins that contain the AREDS-2 formula.  PreserVision AREDS-2 and Ocuvite AREDS-2 are two popular brands.  They offer good quality; however, they are expensive.  

What is the least expensive brand of AREDS-2 vitamin?

There is now a high-quality alternative to the popular brands and it is much less expensive.  The name is Equate Advanced Eye Health Complex by Walmart.  In Tampa on September 9, 2023 the price for a box of 140 softgels (two-month’s supply) was $19.96.  This compares favorably with the price of PreserVision AREDS-2 of identical quantity selling for $34.47.  

By Scott E. Pautler, MD  

Note: Dr Pautler has no financial interest in any of the vitamin supplements.

Will I Lose Vision from AMD?

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Will I lose vision from AMD?
anatomy of the eye (click on image to enlarge)

What are the risk factors of losing vision?

If you have been diagnosed with AMD, you may ask, “Will I lose vision from AMD?” There are many risk factors that lead to the worsening of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).  Some are genetic (inherited) and some are environmental.  However, one the greatest risk factors is age.  This is, the older you are with AMD, the greater the risk of loss of vision.  Genetic testing can reveal high risk genes, such as CFH and ARMS2.  Therefore, a family history of vision loss from AMD increases your risk.  Other important factors that affect the risk of losing vision include tobacco use and diet.

What are the stages of AMD?

There are several stages of AMD that affect the risk of severe loss of vision: early, intermediate, and late AMD.  Early AMD presents with medium sized deposits under the retina called drusen.  These eyes usually have no symptoms and the vision is good.  Intermediate AMD have large drusen and/or brown pigmentary changes under the retina.  These changes frequently result in slow recovery from bright light (like coming in from outdoors) and the need for good lighting while reading.  Late AMD causes distortion of straight lines and blind spots in the vision from geographic atrophy (loss of retinal tissue) and/or neovascularization (new blood vessels grow under the retina that bleed and cause blind spots from scar tissue).  Geographic atrophy is also called advanced dry AMD, whereas neovascularization is called wet AMD.  

How can I determine my risk of late AMD with vision loss?

A point system has been developed to determine your risk of loss of central vision from late AMD.  Exam findings in each eye are given a point value.  Then, all the points are added together from the two eyes to arrive at risk of progression to late AMD within 5 years.  

Exam FindingPoint Value
medium drusen0.5
large drusen1
pigmentary changes1
geographic atrophy or neovascularization2
Add the points from findings in each eye
From: Ferris FL 3rd, Wilkinson CP, Bird A, et al. Clinical classification of age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(4):844-851. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.10.036

At total score of 1 yields a low risk of late AMD of under 5% in five years.  With 2 points, the risk is 12 percent.  Three points means a risk of 25% at five years.  And 4 points means there is a 50% chance of late AMD in five years.  Another way to calculate your risk of late AMD is to use an online calculator.  

How bad can the vision fall from late AMD?

Late macular degeneration may cause a large blind spot in the center of the vision in both eyes.  Although this renders an individual legally blind, it is important to remember that it is extremely rare to lose all vision from AMD.  The peripheral vision usually remains strong and this allows a person to get around a room and care for himself independently.  

Does everyone lose most of their central vision in late AMD?

No.  Many people retain useful vision.  Patients with advanced dry AMD may be treated with Syfovre or Izervay to slow the progression of geographic atrophy.  There are a host of medications that slow the loss of vision from wet AMD, including Avastin, Lucentis, Eylea, Beovu, and Vabysmo.  There is high expectation that further developments from ongoing research will offer even better odds of retaining useful vision in the future.  Those patients who do lose vision from AMD can be helped with low vision aids.  

By Scott E. Pautler, MD

Copyright  © 2023 Designs Unlimited of Florida.  All Rights Reserved.

Izervay for Dry Macular Degeneration

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Izervay for dry macular degeneration
anatomy of the eye (click on image to enlarge)

What is Izervay?
The FDA approved Izervay for dry macular degeneration in August 2023. It is a new medication for the treatment of geographic atrophy caused by dry-type age related macular degeneration (AMD).  Izervay is given by injection into the eye.

What is geographic atrophy?

Geographic atrophy is a common cause of loss of central vision in AMD.  It occurs when retinal receptor cells die.  It leaves blinds spots and missing areas in the vision.  Until 2023, there was no treatment for geographic atrophy from AMD.    

What does Izervay do?

Izervay blocks complement proteins (C5) in the body.  Complement participates in the normal inflammatory response.  And the inflammatory response is important to fight infection.  However, in AMD the complement proteins contribute to the development of geographic atrophy and loss of vision.  

How well does Izervay work?

Izervay is not a cure for dry AMD.  Importantly, it does not reverse past damage by geographic atrophy.  Izervay, when given by monthly injection, reduces the rate of worsening of geographic atrophy by 28% over 18 months of treatment as compared with sham injection.  We anticipate this will delay blind spots from interfering with central vision.  

What are the adverse effects of Izervay?

As with all intraocular injections there are risks.  The risks involved with the introduction of a needle into the eye include bleeding, infection, and retinal detachment.  These complications may require surgery and risk loss of vision.  

Can Izervay cause wet macular degeneration to start?

The known risks of Izervay include the new occurrence of wet AMD with blood vessel growth threatening loss of vision.  In the phase 2/3 study, wet AMD developed in 12% of eyes treated with Izervay compared with 3% in eye with sham injection over a period of 18 months.  This represents a 400% increased risk of new-onset wet AMD.  It is important to avert the development of wet AMD because the treatment of wet AMD involves routine, long-term injections of antiVEGF medications to prevent severe loss of vision. 

What about the risk losing vision from infection?

There is a risk of infection (endophthalmitis) after any eye injection.  At this time, we do not know if Izervay may increase the risk of developing infection or worsen the final vision after infection.  The suppression of the natural defense against infection by Izervay, explains the concern over increased risk of infection with Izervay.  

Should I receive Izervay injections?

If you have dry age-related macular degeneration with geographic atrophy, Izervay appears to delay the loss of central vision over time.  However, long-term monthly injections are required.  And you must carefully consider the risks of treatment.  Your doctor will help you make this important decision.

By Scott E. Pautler, MD

Copyright 2023 Designs Unlimited of Florida. All Rights Reserved.

Burning Eyes

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What is the symptom of burning eyes?

Burning eyes is a common problem.  Sometimes, you can feel burning isolated to the eyelids.  At other times, the entire eye may seem to burn.  The burning may be low-grade or severe and it may come and go.  In addition, there may be associated symptoms such as redness, itchiness, crusting, and dry eye.  But usually there is no loss of vision.    

What are the causes of burning eyes?

There are many causes of a burning sensation.  First, make sure you don’t have a sensitivity to make-up or eye drops that you place in your eyes.  One clue is that the burning comes on right after you are exposed to the offending agent.  However, a very common cause of burning is blepharitis.    

What is blepharitis?

Blepharitis is an inflammation of the eyelid border where the lashes emerge.  With blepharitis, the edge of the lid is usually red.  Sometimes, seborrhea or rosacea is the cause of blepharitis.  At other times, blepharitis is an isolated problem.  Regardless, the symptoms are the same.  Frequently, infection from bacteria or skin mites cause or aggravate blepharitis.  Blepharitis is diagnosed by the eye doctor.       

What treatment is available?

There are a host of treatments available.  Warm compresses often help.  Although a warm wet washcloth may help, it cools down rapidly.  Therefore, warming masks may work better.  Artificial tears help symptoms of dry eyes.  They may be used 3-4 times a day.  Sometimes, antibiotic drops, ointments, and/or pills are used.    

Can tea tree oil help?

Tea tree oil provides rapid improvement in symptoms.  It not only rapidly soothes the eyes, but it also works against infection by bacteria and mites.  However, pharmacists must prepare tea tree oil for use around the eye to avoid irritation and complications.  Various preparations include drops, washes, and lid wipes.  Daily use of tea tree oil helps keep the eyes healthy and comfortable.  

Where do I go for diagnosis and treatment?

A general ophthalmologist, trained to diagnose and treat burning eyes, is the doctor to see.  Further consultation is available with an ophthalmologist specializing in cornea and external disease.  In Tampa, I recommend Dr Mark Arey, Dr Allen Pusateri, and Dr Edgar Espana, among others.  

By Scott E Pautler, MD

Note: As an Amazon Associate I may earn a small commission through links above. There is no increased cost to you and the funds are used to defray the costs of this blog. Thank you for your support.

Copyright  © 2023 Designs Unlimited of Florida.  All Rights Reserved.

Is Eylea HD for Me?

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Is Eylea HD for me?
anatomy of the eye (click on image to enlarge)

What is Eylea HD?

You may ask yourself, “Is Eylea HD for me?” Eylea HD is an FDA-approved medication for the treatment of wet AMD and diabetic retinopathy.  It is a more concentrated form of Eylea, a medication that has been approved for use and effectively used for many years.  Eyela contains 2mg of medication per injection, whereas Eylea HD has 8mg of medication per injection.

When is it helpful to use Eylea HD over Eylea?

There are several reasons Eylea HD may be better than Eylea.  For example, in some eyes with severe macular degeneration or diabetic damage, current medications may not appear to be strong enough to help.  Eylea HD may offer the strength needed to help prevent loss of vision in these cases.  In addition, if Eylea does not last as long as needed, injections may need to be given frequently.  Eylea HD offers a longer duration of action.  Therefore, it may allow more time between injections.  

What are the side effects?

The same side effects of Eylea remain for Eylea HD.  That is, they are both given by injection into the eye.  Therefore, risks include infection, inflammation, bleeding, and retinal detachment, among others.  Over time, these risks are less with Eylea HD if injections can be given less often; the fewer the number of injections, the lower the risk of complications from the injection procedure. However, because Eylea HD is more concentrated, there may be increased risk of complications outside the eye.  As Eylea leaves the eye and enters the blood stream, it may cause increased risk of hypertension, stroke, heart attack, and kidney disease.  There is much debate about whether this risk is significant or not, but evidence suggests the risk may be higher in diabetic patients.   

How can I decide if Eylea HD is right for me?

Your doctor will help you to decide.  If you do not have diabetes, or past history of stroke or heart attack, the decision may be easy.  However, if you have diabetes or are at high risk of stroke and heart attack, you may wish to hold off using Eylea HD until doctors have had more experience with the medication, which was newly approved for use in August 2023. 

By Scott E. Pautler, MD

Copyright  © 2023 Designs Unlimited of Florida.  All Rights Reserved.

Seeing Zig Zag lines?

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seeing zig zag lines?
anatomy of the eye (click on image to enlarge)

What are zig zag lines in the vision?

Do you have a problem seeing zig zag lines?  This can be an alarming symptom.  Sometimes, they are described as jagged or resembling a heat wave coming off of a hot asphalt road.  Others describe the symptom as looking like a kaleidoscope.  The zig zag lines usually come on without warning and may slowly increase in size and intensity over several minutes.  They often interfere with vision by blocking out part of the vision.  For example, you may only be able to see part of a person’s face or part of a printed word.  After 15–20 minutes or so, they disappear without any permanent vision loss.      

What causes this symptom?

There are many causes of zig zag lines in the vision.  However, the most common cause is a migraine phenomenon, called a visual aura.  Migraines with visual aura may occur with or without a headache.  Often, they often follow stress by several weeks.  Migraine is a diagnosis of exclusion.  That means it is necessary to exclude or rule out other more serious causes of zig zag lines before settling with the diagnosis of migraine. 

What are more serous causes of zig zag lines in the vision?

Serious causes of may include problems in the eyes, the brain, the heart, and other medical problems.  Eye problems include retinal breaks, retinal detachment, and  inflammation in the eyes.  Brain problems include bleeding, aneurysm, seizure, and tumors.  Sometimes, zigzag lines are associated with a heart problem, such as patent foramen ovale.  In this case, a cardiologist assesses and provides treatment as needed. Rarely, blood clot problems and connective tissue disease are implicated.      

Who should I see about this problem?

The ophthalmologist (Eye MD) is equipped with the knowledge, skill, and equipment to diagnose the cause of your zig zag lines.  Sometimes, you may need to see a retinal specialist (a type of ophthalmologist with specialty education in retinal disease).  In some cases, the ophthalmologist will send you for a brain scan or to a neurologist for further care.    

What is the treatment for zig zag lines?

The treatment of zig zag lines depends on the cause.  Once the doctor excludes serious diseases, he may diagnosis migraine.  In that case, no treatment is usually necessary.  However, if the symptoms are recurrent and bothersome, the ophthalmologist will usually send you to a neurologist for assessment and possible medication.  

By Scott E. Pautler, MD

Copyright  © 2023 Designs Unlimited of Florida.  All Rights Reserved.

Diet and Age-Related Macular Degeneration

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diet and age-related macular degeneration
anatomy of the eye (click on image to enlarge)

What is age-related macular degeneration?

A Mediterranean diet can protect against loss of vision from AMD.  But first, what is AMD?  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of visual loss in older Americans.  The macula is the area of the retina in the back of the eye that is responsible for seeing details in the central vision.  The retina is a thin layer of delicate nerve tissue that lines the inside wall of the eye like the film in a camera.  In the eye, light is focused through the lens onto the retina, which “takes the picture” and sends the image to the brain.  Macular degeneration is a disease that affects the central vision. It does not affect peripheral vision— the ability to see objects off to the side when looking straight ahead.  This means that macular degeneration alone does not result in total blindness.  

What lifestyle changes offer protection against macular degeneration?

Over the years, mounting evidence shows that lifestyle changes appear helpful to limit the risk of vision loss from age-related macular degeneration.  For example, tobacco exposure appears to worsen macular degeneration.  This means do not smoke tobacco and limit second-hand exposure to tobacco. Conversely, exercise appears to lessen the risk of vision loss from AMD.  Try to walk 20 minutes a day for starters.  Later, try to add some light weight-bearing exercises with dumbbells.  Finally, there is marginal evidence to recommend protecting your eyes from excessive sunlight.  Wear a hat and sunglasses if outdoors for several hours.  Diet is another way in which a patient may afford protection against AMD.  The Mediterranean diet is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and reduced risk of vision loss from AMD.

What is a Mediterranean diet?

The Mediterranean diet includes high intake of extra-virgin olive oil, vegetables (especially, leafy greens), fruits, cereals, nuts/legumes, moderate intake of fish and other meat, dairy products, and red wine, and low intake of eggs and sweets.   Red meats appear inflammatory.  Therefore, many recommend eating red meat only on rare occasions (no more than one serving per week).  Drinking one alcoholic beverage per day appears helpful; however,, avoid high intake of alcohol (greater than two alcoholic beverages per day).  Fish and seafood, on the other hand appear protective.  Try to include a serving of fatty fish like salmon at least three times a week.  If you are not a fan of seafood, consider taking coated fish oil capsules once a day.  The coated formulations help to avoid a fishy aftertaste.    

By Scott E. Pautler, MD

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